Tundra region is a region of high altitude and is without trees.
Steppes are the vast, treeless waste of Russia and part of Asia.
Moorland is rocky surface.
Coniferous forests extend up to 13,000 km across North America, Europe & Asia.
Tropical or Savannah region lies b/w desert & forest. More than 1/3rd of Africa is Savannah.
Pakistan lies in Monsoon land area.
The three abundant elements in the earth’s crust are aluminium, oxygen and silicon. The correct order of their abundance is silicon, oxygen and aluminum (8.1%)
Inner core is made mostly of iron.
Meridian is an imaginary circle in sky passing though celestial poles.
Africa is the 2nd largest continent of the world.
A wind, which reverses seasonally, is known as Monsoon wind.
Temperature increases with increasing altitude by 10° C for every 250-meter rise.
Water vapour turns into clouds in the atmosphere when Dew Point is reached.
When a warm air is lifted off the surface in temperature depression it is called an Occlusion.
Afternoon rains in the equatorial region are the result of convectional forces.
Mediterranean regions are not useful for forestry.
The best projection to suit the map of Pakistan is conventional.
The extinct Volcano Peak of Koh-i-Sultan is in Pakistan.
Cotopaxi: is the highest volcano in the world. It is situated in Ecuador.
Dust Devil: is a dusty whirlwind normally a few feet in diameter and about 100 feet tall, sometimes also wider and higher.
Earth mass: The mass of the earth is about 81 times that of the moon.
Earth’s core: is mainly composed of iron and nickel.
Lithosphere is the innermost layer of the earth.
El Nino: is the weather phenomenon brewing in the tropical
Pacific Ocean. It is the largest climate event of the 20th century setting off more global disasters than ever before.
El Nino is warming of the waters off Equatorial South America, which causes climate abnormalities around the world. The impact can be flooding drought in California, Brazil, Africa and Australia, severe storms in the Central Pacific and a decline in hurricanes hitting the southeastern United States.
Exfoliation: This type of weathering is common both in the cold as well as in the hot climate regions.
Great Circle: A circle on the earth’s surface whose plan passes through its centre, and bisects it into two hemispheres. Two opposing meridians together form a Great Circle. The shortest distance between any two points on the earth’s surface is the arc of the Great Circle, which passes through them. 0° latitude forms a Great Circle. (The latitude or longitude 75°W should be combined with 75°E to obtain the Great Circle).
Horse Latitudes: Sub-tropical belts of high atmospheric pressure over the oceans situated in both hemispheres. These are called Belts of Calm between regions of the Trade Winds and Westerlies of higher latitudes.
Hydroponics: means cultivation of the plants without use of soil.
Hyetology: is the study of rainfall.
Kandla: is a seaport situated at the head of the Gulf of Kuch in Gujarat State.
Lapse Rate: is the rate of change in temperature with increase of altitude.
Laterite soils: Laterite soils are formed by the weathering of
laterite rocks. These can be distinguished from other soils by their acidity.
Loams (loamy soil): Amixture of sand, clay and silt is known as loamy soil. Loams are formed where the soils have equal proportion of sand, silt and clay.
Local winds and their areas: Khamsin—Egypt; Zonda—
Argentina; Santa Ana—California; Simoon—Iran.
Mansarover Lake: is in Tibet. Near it, the rivers having their source are the Brahamputra, the Sutlej and the Indus.
Maoris (Tribes): are the original inhabitants of New Zealand.
Nutrification: is the process of conversion by action of bacteria, of nitrates in the soil.
Pangong Tso: is one of the world’s highest and brackish lakes in Jammu & Kashmir.
Proxima Centauri: is a star nearest to the earth.
Roaring Forties: are westerly winds.
Selvas: The rain forest of Amazon basin is called Selvas.
These are rainy tropical forests.
Spring Tides: are caused when the sun and the moon are in a straight line. The tide on its maximum height is known as Spring Tide.
Tsunamis: are huge sea waves caused by earthquakes.
Willy Willy: is a tropical cyclone of the northwest Australia.
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