Finest quality of pottery is procelin. It is make from the purest white clay such as kaolin also called China clay and heated at 1400 deg: C
Bone china is an imitation porcelain made using clay mixed with bone ash
Mud bricks are called adobe
Materials that resist high temperatures are known as refectories
Refectories contin tungsten, the metal with highest melting point (3410 deg: C).
Some refectories contain tungsten carbide which is used to make cutting tools that remain sharp even when they get red hot
Rungsten and titanium carbides are mixed with ceramics to form cerment which are used in high temperature parts of jet and rocket engines
Cement is a ceramic product made of fiercely haeating (1500 deg: C) earthly material like limestone and clay
Concrete is strong under compression but weak if streatched (tension). For this engineers cast steel rods into the concrete.
This is called reinforced concrete.
Ceramic is made by heating and mixing together the ceramic material boron carbide and aluminium. It is lighter than aluminum and stronger than steel
Sodium carbonate is used in making glass and in caustic soda for making soap
Sulphuric acid is also known as “lifeblood of industry”
Oxidation is addition of oxygen to the substance
Hydrogenation is adding hydrogen
Hydrogen is the commonest element in the universe.
Hydrogen is a powerful fuel. The main engines of the space shuttle are powered by hydrogen.
Hydrogen is used in fertilizers, margarine and plastics.
Serenium is non-metal substance.
‘Ion exchange’ is the method to remove the temporary or
permanent hardness of water.
Molasses (Gur) are a by-product of sugar industry.
Polymerization is the reaction by which plastics are made. It involves linking together of small molecules (manomers) to form large ones (polymers)
Halogens mean salt like. It is a group of highly reactive nonmetals that are poisonous in their pure forms. Other halogens are fluorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
Salt is one of the halogens
Halogens light bulbs used in cars’ headlamps (ususlly iodine or bromine) surrounding the light filament. Halogen bulbs are brighter and last longer than ordinary light bulbs.
Fluoride compounds in toothpaste and drinking water help to prevent tooth decay.
Chlorine reacts with other elements and form PVC, a plastic for pipes and waterproof fabrics.
Iodine sublimes at room temperature (i.e turns directly into a gas)
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